![]() ![]() In spectrophotometry, luminescence has an advantage over absorbance in that the former is an absolute measure whereas the latter is relative. The resultant potential energy in the atom gets released in the form of light. In general, luminescence is the emission of visible or near-visible ( λ = 300–800 nm) radiation which is generated when an electron transitions from an excited state to ground state. the true “indicator” of the analytic reaction, is a luminescent molecule. The latest non-isotopic label applied to immunochemical techniques is also the earliest, occurring widely in the animal kingdom (as in the firefly) as a light emission system: bioluminescence.Ĭhemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is an immunoassay technique where the label, i.e. He, along with other researchers, affirms these techniques to their present-day extent. Ekins became the architect of vital theoretical and application contributions in subsequent decades. The two researchers chose deliberately not to patent the analytical procedure, and this decision contributed in no small way to the enormous development of immunoassay techniques in the following years. This revolutionary development of the first RIA for insulin in the late 1950s earned Solomon Berson and Rosalyn Yalow the Nobel Prize. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was the first immunoassay to be developed and could be considered the forefather of the modern immunoassay. Fundamentally, immunoassay evolution corresponds to the evolution of immunoassay labelling technology. Of these, immunoassay has undergone important and radical changes in recent years due to continuous technological development which has been spurred on by an increased demand for services analogous to that already occurring in other sectors of modern laboratory diagnostics. ![]() Numerous analytical methods have been proposed for autoantibody detection. In particular, autoantibody determination is included among classification and/or diagnostic criteria for some autoimmune diseases and assumes a relevant predictive value in others, as autoantibodies can appear years before clinical manifestation of disease. Further improvements are expected in the coming years with the development of new analytical platforms such as the flow-injection chemiluminescent immunoassay, the two-dimensional resolution for chemiluminescence multiplex immunoassay and the magnetic nanoparticles chemiluminescence immunoassay, which will likely result in additional increases in the clinical efficacy of antibody tests.Īutoantibody determination is crucial for the diagnosis of many autoimmune diseases, both systemic ones-such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis and antiphospholipid syndrome- and organ-specific ones, such as coeliac disease, autoimmune thyroid diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. The wide dynamic range, greater than that of immunoenzymatic methods, the high sensitivity and specificity of the results expressed in quantitative form, the high degree of automation and the clinical implications related to the reduction in the turnaround time, and the ability to run a large number of antibody tests (even of different isotypes), directed towards large antigenic panels in random access mode, make this technology the most advanced in the clinical laboratory, with enormous repercussions on the workflow and on the autoimmunology laboratory organisation. ![]() In this review, we describe the analytical and diagnostic characteristics of chemiluminescence technology in its strength and in its applicability for a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Diagnostic technology is rapidly evolving, and over the last decade, substantial progress has been made even for the identification of antibodies, increasingly approaching this type of diagnostic to that of automated clinical chemistry laboratory. ![]()
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